This function detects multi-word expressions (collocations) of specified sizes that appear at least a specified number of times in the provided tokens.
Examples
# \donttest{
mydata <- TextAnalysisR::SpecialEduTech[seq_len(50), ]
united_tbl <- TextAnalysisR::unite_cols(
mydata,
listed_vars = c("title", "keyword", "abstract")
)
tokens <- TextAnalysisR::prep_texts(united_tbl, text_field = "united_texts")
collocations <- TextAnalysisR::detect_multi_words(tokens, size = 2:3, min_count = 2)
print(collocations)
#> [1] "assisted instruction" "computer assisted"
#> [3] "learning disabilities" "disabled students"
#> [5] "school students" "high school"
#> [7] "elementary school" "mathematics achievement"
#> [9] "special education" "disabilities mathematics"
#> [11] "this study" "educable mentally"
#> [13] "and practice" "with learning"
#> [15] "multiplication facts" "mathematics education"
#> [17] "problem solving" "drill and"
#> [19] "significant differences" "instructional design"
#> [21] "mildly handicapped" "mentally handicapped"
#> [23] "learning disabled" "students with"
#> [25] "teacher assisted" "effects of"
#> [27] "indicated that" "experimental groups"
#> [29] "of the" "curriculum based"
#> [31] "control groups" "disabled children"
#> [33] "assisted instructional" "the effects"
#> [35] "microcomputer assisted" "it is"
#> [37] "determine whether" "who had"
#> [39] "learning handicapped" "mental handicaps"
#> [41] "more effective" "on the"
#> [43] "control group" "use of"
#> [45] "no significant" "handicapped children"
#> [47] "educable mental" "computerized drill"
#> [49] "addition subtraction" "highly structured"
#> [51] "6th graders" "multiplication skills"
#> [53] "video game" "results indicated"
#> [55] "study was" "this article"
#> [57] "word problem" "per week"
#> [59] "to be" "mastered during"
#> [61] "were found" "mathematical ability"
#> [63] "minutes per" "networking system"
#> [65] "education special" "relationship between"
#> [67] "without calculators" "are discussed"
#> [69] "arcade game" "social studies"
#> [71] "intellectual development" "3rd 6th"
#> [73] "attitude toward" "multiple baseline"
#> [75] "in the" "it was"
#> [77] "effectiveness of" "study examined"
#> [79] "teaching methods" "following treatment"
#> [81] "was used" "achievement test"
#> [83] "as educable" "baseline design"
#> [85] "could be" "task behavior"
#> [87] "basic math" "and division"
#> [89] "for each" "instructional procedure"
#> [91] "based on" "basal group"
#> [93] "do not" "computer games"
#> [95] "videodisc group" "all subjects"
#> [97] "subtraction multiplication" "microcomputer technology"
#> [99] "mathematical abilities" "per day"
#> [101] "mild disabilities" "computer software"
#> [103] "mildly mentally" "multiplication and"
#> [105] "results indicate" "was also"
#> [107] "classified as" "intermediate grades"
#> [109] "the effectiveness" "division facts"
#> [111] "video arcade" "child computers"
#> [113] "grouping self" "iq sex"
#> [115] "literature review" "post tests"
#> [117] "several important" "experimental group"
#> [119] "secondary educable" "mild mental"
#> [121] "adolescents classified" "subjects were"
#> [123] "was administered" "videodisc program"
#> [125] "counting strategies" "higher retention"
#> [127] "speed acquisition" "they worked"
#> [129] "correct responding" "repeated measures"
#> [131] "days per" "calculators over"
#> [133] "elementary secondary" "solution strategy"
#> [135] "speed accuracy" "word problems"
#> [137] "skill acquisition" "practice game"
#> [139] "problems mastered" "with specific"
#> [141] "but had" "grades through"
#> [143] "which they" "who completed"
#> [145] "had not" "self selected"
#> [147] "teacher intervention" "mentally retarded"
#> [149] "math achievement" "special humans"
#> [151] "old male" "randomly assigned"
#> [153] "scale iq" "single subject"
#> [155] "had higher" "selected goals"
#> [157] "only one" "accuracy acquisition"
#> [159] "posttest scores" "procedure intervention"
#> [161] "of multiplication" "external locus"
#> [163] "goal condition" "to provide"
#> [165] "specific learning" "room programs"
#> [167] "study investigated" "aged children"
#> [169] "game format" "remedial teaching"
#> [171] "over time" "days after"
#> [173] "educational technology" "written response"
#> [175] "not achieved" "time series"
#> [177] "design across" "it appears"
#> [179] "maintenance test" "retarded yr"
#> [181] "such as" "calculator on"
#> [183] "ss completed" "addition but"
#> [185] "can provide" "task within"
#> [187] "per minute" "performance iq"
#> [189] "drills practice" "solving task"
#> [191] "secondary education" "test scores"
#> [193] "significantly more" "computational performance"
#> [195] "simple addition" "the experimental"
#> [197] "immediately following" "significantly better"
#> [199] "arithmetic word" "was employed"
#> [201] "arcade games" "graders computer"
#> [203] "series design" "achievement level"
#> [205] "game environment" "disabled adolescents"
#> [207] "automaticity in" "significant effect"
#> [209] "differences between" "basic academic"
#> [211] "across subjects" "results suggest"
#> [213] "pretest math" "feedback procedures"
#> [215] "differences in" "grouping instructional"
#> [217] "indicate that" "suggest that"
#> [219] "pencil and" "found between"
#> [221] "found when" "student classified"
#> [223] "delivered feedback" "children with"
#> [225] "instructional methods" "instruction in"
#> [227] "in addition" "level sex"
#> [229] "two curricula" "to determine"
#> [231] "can be" "retention level"
#> [233] "achieved automaticity" "had significant"
#> [235] "selected from" "information processing"
#> [237] "interactive videodisc" "student attitude"
#> [239] "junior high" "indicated significant"
#> [241] "basic skills" "during computer"
#> [243] "long division" "design was"
#> [245] "article is" "arithmetic remedial"
#> [247] "retarded ss" "are available"
#> [249] "structured program" "an average"
#> [251] "educational games" "elementary aged"
#> [253] "resource room" "language arts"
#> [255] "disabled elementary" "instructional strategy"
#> [257] "basal curriculum" "as an"
#> [259] "there were" "the calculator"
#> [261] "conductance level" "both groups"
#> [263] "in grades" "completed by"
#> [265] "in mathematics" "handicapped learners"
#> [267] "handicapped partner" "groups were"
#> [269] "each student" "practice activities"
#> [271] "academic skills" "group based"
#> [273] "general education" "analysis of"
#> [275] "traditional instruction" "either drill"
#> [277] "yr old" "instructional effectiveness"
#> [279] "three teachers" "are presented"
#> [281] "training study" "hand held"
#> [283] "held calculator" "grade level"
#> [285] "results also" "educational microcomputer"
#> [287] "problems given" "development disorder"
#> [289] "single digit" "investigation was"
#> [291] "attention problems" "teach multiplication"
#> [293] "structured teacher" "mathematics instruction"
#> [295] "addition facts" "and paper"
#> [297] "guidelines are" "4th 6th"
#> [299] "arithmetic facts" "an investigation"
#> [301] "problems completed" "study compared"
#> [303] "selected computer" "self esteem"
#> [305] "students computer" "children while"
#> [307] "improved performance" "teacher implementation"
#> [309] "full scale" "half hour"
#> [311] "internal external" "particularly selective"
#> [313] "substantial increases" "visual cues"
#> [315] "problems while" "using computer"
#> [317] "performance characteristics" "to work"
#> [319] "practice program" "attitude inventory"
#> [321] "help seeking" "loosely structured"
#> [323] "group received" "four groups"
#> [325] "implications for" "responding oral"
#> [327] "selective attention" "present study"
#> [329] "arc ed" "remedial education"
#> [331] "game formats" "the study"
#> [333] "repeated practice" "schools instructional"
#> [335] "following conclusions" "ss were"
#> [337] "problems when" "handicapped students"
#> [339] "in arithmetic" "administered as"
#> [341] "instructional procedures" "school aged"
#> [343] "toward school" "strategies for"
#> [345] "conceptual understanding" "motivational features"
#> [347] "yr olds" "study teaching"
#> [349] "software programs" "performed significantly"
#> [351] "to increase" "an interactive"
#> [353] "math concepts" "with mild"
#> [355] "game or" "assigned to"
#> [357] "behavior analytic" "iq full"
#> [359] "the videodisc" "skin conductance"
#> [361] "computation skills" "correct performance"
#> [363] "large group" "as well"
#> [365] "based measurement" "achievement child"
#> [367] "was assessed" "goal structures"
#> [369] "achievement gains" "by their"
#> [371] "grade children" "strategy choices"
#> [373] "mental retardation" "proportion word"
#> [375] "instructional approaches" "instructional purposes"
#> [377] "during teacher" "education teaching"
#> [379] "facts by" "at the"
#> [381] "two groups" "mathematics curriculum"
#> [383] "instructional technology" "hour per"
#> [385] "spark computerized" "in basic"
#> [387] "experimental and" "apple ii"
#> [389] "artificial intelligence" "cooperative competitive"
#> [391] "questions asked" "active teaching"
#> [393] "for all" "developing math"
#> [395] "computer networking" "test was"
#> [397] "was found" "ed curriculum"
#> [399] "retarded children" "they did"
#> [401] "their use" "of control"
#> [403] "division problems" "computer use"
#> [405] "appears to" "to improve"
#> [407] "rather than" "for the"
#> [409] "after the" "high schools"
#> [411] "practice methods" "that selected"
#> [413] "procedures were" "two way"
#> [415] "had conceptual" "no change"
#> [417] "by the" "group grade"
#> [419] "students in" "acquisition of"
#> [421] "effect of" "humans learning"
#> [423] "even after" "variables were"
#> [425] "were discussed" "were employed"
#> [427] "used to" "students were"
#> [429] "approach was" "was conducted"
#> [431] "sample was" "math skills"
#> [433] "differences existed" "innovative videodisc"
#> [435] "strategy choice" "school remedial"
#> [437] "order to" "drills education"
#> [439] "or teacher" "purpose of"
#> [441] "the subjects" "solving achievement"
#> [443] "achievement when" "conclusions were"
#> [445] "phases were" "were consistently"
#> [447] "were randomly" "were recorded"
#> [449] "were trained" "curriculum this"
#> [451] "an instructional" "instruction elementary"
#> [453] "math computation" "higher on"
#> [455] "on either" "there was"
#> [457] "was designed" "on active"
#> [459] "were administered" "six students"
#> [461] "feedback on" "be device"
#> [463] "of problems" "computers education"
#> [465] "used as" "disabilities mathematical"
#> [467] "disabled 3rd" "disabled improved"
#> [469] "drill program" "non learning"
#> [471] "teaching basic" "working in"
#> [473] "in math" "reward on"
#> [475] "math automaticity" "reading and"
#> [477] "that the" "found that"
#> [479] "in order" "were compared"
#> [481] "whether students" "compared to"
#> [483] "teaching aids" "basic multiplication"
#> [485] "the control" "the basal"
#> [487] "the purpose" "basic fraction"
#> [489] "mathematics concepts" "for weeks"
#> [491] "algorithm for" "math microcomputers"
#> [493] "practice task" "the hand"
#> [495] "recorded on" "spent on"
#> [497] "trained on" "on long"
#> [499] "conditions for" "for only"
#> [501] "games as" "mathematics problem"
#> [503] "nondisabled students" "formats to"
#> [505] "program was" "with partner"
#> [507] "the teacher" "with coaching"
#> [509] "group configuration" "group performed"
#> [511] "available for" "means for"
#> [513] "reading math" "was compared"
#> [515] "students who" "practice games"
#> [517] "disadvantaged by" "male with"
#> [519] "education elementary" "and pencil"
#> [521] "paper and" "on mathematics"
#> [523] "the number" "disabilities special"
#> [525] "on microcomputer" "level performance"
#> [527] "on performance" "were selected"
#> [529] "severely handicapped" "software use"
#> [531] "worked with" "subjects in"
#> [533] "embedding drill" "computerized mathematics"
#> [535] "the data" "of microcomputer"
#> [537] "for these" "response for"
#> [539] "arithmetic achievement" "practice on"
#> [541] "effect on" "identical problems"
#> [543] "story problems" "teaching paradigm"
#> [545] "calculator with" "computer delivered"
#> [547] "problem selections" "math facts"
#> [549] "computers with" "work with"
#> [551] "an innovative" "in teaching"
#> [553] "the tutor" "the relationship"
#> [555] "computation and" "posttest and"
#> [557] "week for" "on paper"
#> [559] "examined the" "describes computer"
#> [561] "as function" "as having"
#> [563] "change group" "noted as"
#> [565] "total group" "in terms"
#> [567] "the results" "number of"
#> [569] "of this" "performance of"
#> [571] "designed to" "to teach"
#> [573] "adolescents with" "device that"
#> [575] "indicating that" "differences were"
#> [577] "education students" "system on"
#> [579] "for both" "intervention was"
#> [581] "posttest was" "and control"
#> [583] "disabled no" "students child"
#> [585] "and second" "mathematics system"
#> [587] "students receiving" "automaticity was"
#> [589] "education reading" "reading education"
#> [591] "sex and" "appear to"
#> [593] "necessary to" "to follow"
#> [595] "retarded students" "found to"
#> [597] "disabled junior" "assessed in"
#> [599] "the effect" "the following"
#> [601] "with calculators" "administration of"
#> [603] "influence of" "rates of"
#> [605] "ability students" "them to"
#> [607] "and normal" "normal and"
#> [609] "strategies and" "computer based"
#> [611] "instruction learning" "instruction than"
#> [613] "skills to" "of reward"
#> [615] "better in" "discussed in"
#> [617] "experience in" "increases in"
#> [619] "participated in" "well in"
#> [621] "deficits in" "evaluated in"
#> [623] "disabled ss" "was significant"
#> [625] "with mildly" "were matched"
#> [627] "prior to" "structured computer"
#> [629] "students classified" "expectations of"
#> [631] "role of" "addition learning"
#> [633] "for remedial" "programs for"
#> [635] "achievement in" "one of"
#> [637] "to have" "to their"
#> [639] "mathematics skills" "investigation of"
#> [641] "variables of" "task was"
#> [643] "learning disorders" "increase in"
#> [645] "for use" "software for"
#> [647] "locus of" "terms of"
#> [649] "with traditional" "was concluded"
#> [651] "for ss" "teaching mathematics"
#> [653] "focused on" "period on"
#> [655] "the influence" "on task"
#> [657] "normal students" "learning handicaps"
#> [659] "acquisition and" "grades and"
#> [661] "use with" "used in"
#> [663] "of video" "instruction high"
#> [665] "mathematics disability" "with more"
#> [667] "employed in" "the networking"
#> [669] "math instruction" "the first"
#> [671] "the future" "the same"
#> [673] "on their" "for learning"
#> [675] "to assess" "able to"
#> [677] "attributed to" "for teaching"
#> [679] "education teachers" "dealing with"
#> [681] "with efficiency" "to help"
#> [683] "division for" "found for"
#> [685] "to two" "of computerized"
#> [687] "of correct" "and feedback"
#> [689] "enrolled in" "the training"
#> [691] "examined in" "understanding of"
#> [693] "used for" "teachers on"
#> [695] "that computer" "handicapped and"
#> [697] "achievement of" "first and"
#> [699] "given and" "goals and"
#> [701] "and five" "and nondisabled"
#> [703] "and tutorial" "and arousal"
#> [705] "and nonhandicapped" "and respectively"
#> [707] "and transfer" "and workbook"
#> [709] "and number" "whether learning"
#> [711] "oral computer" "performance on"
#> [713] "on basic" "on student"
#> [715] "computer keyboard" "in attitude"
#> [717] "computer programs" "education this"
#> [719] "students grades" "the four"
#> [721] "the use" "and implications"
#> [723] "and non" "with an"
#> [725] "traditional and" "and after"
#> [727] "disabilities in" "mathematics performance"
#> [729] "during the" "of an"
#> [731] "ld students" "to attentional"
#> [733] "to complete" "to develop"
#> [735] "to enhanced" "to investigate"
#> [737] "to participate" "to solve"
#> [739] "according to" "due to"
#> [741] "failed to" "led to"
#> [743] "offered to" "programmed to"
#> [745] "relation to" "suited to"
#> [747] "using the" "levels of"
#> [749] "modes of" "units of"
#> [751] "of sessions" "elementary education"
#> [753] "the computational" "application of"
#> [755] "areas of" "average of"
#> [757] "needs of" "series of"
#> [759] "of learners" "of responding"
#> [761] "in multiplication" "selected to"
#> [763] "system to" "to educational"
#> [765] "and written" "and one"
#> [767] "investigated the" "changes in"
#> [769] "deficit in" "difference in"
#> [771] "in developing" "in relation"
#> [773] "instruction games" "students in the"
#> [775] "solving were" "and motivation"
#> [777] "and without" "concepts and"
#> [779] "was to" "instruction mathematics"
#> [781] "determine the" "while the"
#> [783] "than in" "students junior"
#> [785] "curriculum was" "with basic"
#> [787] "of general" "of regular"
#> [789] "review of" "assess the"
#> [791] "the acquisition" "education teacher"
#> [793] "results of" "majority of"
#> [795] "of covariance" "and problem"
#> [797] "among the" "improving the"
#> [799] "tests the" "weeks the"
#> [801] "effective in" "of three"
#> [803] "calculator instruction" "the comparison"
#> [805] "the present" "the role"
#> [807] "the sample" "to one"
#> [809] "children education" "test and"
#> [811] "treatment and" "school math"
#> [813] "by learning" "the alp"
#> [815] "the authors" "the majority"
#> [817] "of information" "of minutes"
#> [819] "of motivation" "of new"
#> [821] "of pretest" "characteristics of"
#> [823] "means of" "of computer"
#> [825] "instruction computer" "disabilities problem"
#> [827] "assisted math" "development of"
#> [829] "of automaticity" "and race"
#> [831] "dyad and" "keyboard and"
#> [833] "retention and" "and retention"
#> [835] "effects on" "grade learning"
#> [837] "for this" "the coaching"
#> [839] "the motivational" "the regular"
#> [841] "achievement mathematics" "use on"
#> [843] "instruction with" "from to"
#> [845] "disabled high" "instruction is"
#> [847] "of goal" "training of"
#> [849] "amount of" "completion of"
#> [851] "consisted of" "discussion of"
#> [853] "elements of" "end of"
#> [855] "function of" "investigations of"
#> [857] "minimum of" "of embedding"
#> [859] "of questions" "of variance"
#> [861] "percentage of" "perceptions of"
#> [863] "rate of" "solving learning"
#> [865] "of educable" "and help"
#> [867] "baseline and" "structured and"
#> [869] "the student" "skills in"
#> [871] "the computation" "the intervention"
#> [873] "the posttest" "of addition"
#> [875] "of the learning" "explored the"
#> [877] "education of learning" "effects for"
#> [879] "the amount" "the author"
#> [881] "the completion" "the computer's"
#> [883] "the distribution" "the end"
#> [885] "of computers" "in reading"
#> [887] "the teachers" "technology and"
#> [889] "feedback to" "have the"
#> [891] "the article" "the goal"
#> [893] "the second" "the variables"
#> [895] "level and" "and two"
#> [897] "education learning" "teacher with"
#> [899] "instruction on" "practice education"
#> [901] "problems in" "accuracy and"
#> [903] "and accuracy" "retention the"
#> [905] "from the" "achievement learning"
#> [907] "the six" "the treatment"
#> [909] "study teaching of" "to the"
#> [911] "used the" "teachers in"
#> [913] "practice education of" "of using"
#> [915] "disabilities and educable" "assisted and computer"
#> [917] "in an" "compared the"
#> [919] "students microcomputer" "and traditional"
#> [921] "the students in" "students learning"
#> [923] "the attitude" "the mathematical"
#> [925] "and educable" "level of"
#> [927] "of basic" "of two"
#> [929] "solving computer" "instruction for"
#> [931] "drill and practice" "or in"
#> [933] "study was to" "calculators the"
#> [935] "presented the" "facts the"
#> [937] "studies of" "of mildly"
#> [939] "of selected" "program in"
#> [941] "students are" "the subjects the"
#> [943] "multiplication and division" "skills of students"
#> [945] "performance for" "children computer"
#> [947] "groups of" "teaching of"
#> [949] "on math" "in performance"
#> [951] "elementary students" "achievement of students"
#> [953] "between the" "than the"
#> [955] "when the" "of data"
#> [957] "of secondary" "that learning"
#> [959] "performance with" "learning of multiplication"
#> [961] "achievement was" "disabled and"
#> [963] "group instruction" "and reading"
#> [965] "the pencil" "performance and"
#> [967] "practice in" "to one of"
#> [969] "and students in" "used the computer"
#> [971] "the teacher to" "normal and learning"
#> [973] "of time" "the level"
#> [975] "the two" "school students learning"
#> [977] "teaching mathematics to" "software to"
#> [979] "teacher to" "to use"
#> [981] "practice and" "of learning"
#> [983] "experimental and control" "of four"
#> [985] "of microcomputers" "of strategy"
#> [987] "for use with" "disabilities computer"
#> [989] "and traditional instruction" "performance of learning"
#> [991] "the three" "games and"
#> [993] "in learning handicapped" "automaticity in learning"
#> [995] "of group" "teaching students"
#> [997] "disabled elementary students" "in special"
#> [999] "use in" "teachers and"
#> [ reached 'max' / getOption("max.print") -- omitted 638 entries ]
# }